Sexuality and Aggression in Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespear

Sexuality and Aggression in Hamletâ â â â â Â Â Â â â â â In Man and Wife Is One Flesh: Hamlet and the Confrontation with the Maternal Body, Janet Adelman contends that the rousing power behind the plot activity in Hamlet is the breakdown of limits between connections of people, genders, and divisions of open (state) and private (love) life. The essential driver of the breakdown results from the substantial tainting spread through plain sexuality, explicitly maternal sexuality. Janet Adelman states her women's liberation into the chauvinist perspective on therapy to characterize the pollution as that intensity of ladies that men dread. Â Adelman's case for the breakdown of limits is her quality and shortcoming. Broad literary proof backings her case for the merging of the men, however her decision to disregard the ladies' separation is a basic blunder. Gertrude and Ophelia characterize themselves through sexuality, memory maintenance and correspondence, existing as two individual creatures separate from the falling manly world. Adelman keeps on argueing that the intensity of ladies' sexuality defiles all life related with it. While sexuality is ladies' most intense force, it is the ability to give life and support it through maternal satisfaction, not to advance demise and further deletion of limits through sullying, toxic substance and passing. For frenzy and passing follow immediately after the expulsion of the ladies' sexuality. Â Shakespeare communicates the Freudian idea of sexual and forceful clash by appointing the attributes to female and male characters separately. The exchanging concealment, sexuality over hostility and animosity over sexuality, happens in Hamlet at last demonstrating their harmonious relationship. The sup... ... strips away female sexuality, life closes. Animosity doesn't make life. The annihilation of the contention limit is a generous exertion by the men, who in this manner, deny everybody sexual fulfillment to adjust the hostility, along these lines falling back on deadly viciousness and closure their everlasting status through multiplication. Â Works Cited Adelman, Janet. Man and Wife is One Flesh: Hamlet and the Confrontation with the Maternal Body. William Shakespeare: Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Contextual analyses in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: St. Martin's, 256-282. Calhoun, J. Character and Psychoanalytic Theory. Psychology 1101. UGA. Athens, 6 Nov 1998. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Contextual analyses in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: St. Martin's, 1994. Stoppard, Tom. Rozencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. New York: Grove, 1967 Sexuality and Aggression in Hamlet Essay - GCSE Coursework Shakespear Sexuality and Aggression in Hamletâ â â â â Â Â Â â â â â In Man and Wife Is One Flesh: Hamlet and the Confrontation with the Maternal Body, Janet Adelman contends that the rousing power behind the plot activity in Hamlet is the breakdown of limits between connections of people, genders, and divisions of open (state) and private (love) life. The essential driver of the breakdown results from the substantial defilement spread through unmistakable sexuality, explicitly maternal sexuality. Janet Adelman states her women's liberation into the chauvinist perspective on analysis to characterize the defilement as that intensity of ladies that men dread. Â Adelman's case for the breakdown of limits is her quality and shortcoming. Broad printed proof backings her case for the merging of the men, yet her decision to disregard the ladies' separation is a basic blunder. Gertrude and Ophelia characterize themselves through sexuality, memory maintenance and correspondence, existing as two individual creatures separate from the falling manly world. Adelman keeps on argueing that the intensity of ladies' sexuality debases all life related with it. While sexuality is ladies' most strong force, it is the ability to give life and continue it through maternal satisfaction, not to advance passing and further eradication of limits through tainting, toxic substance and demise. For frenzy and passing follow quickly after the expulsion of the ladies' sexuality. Â Shakespeare communicates the Freudian idea of sexual and forceful clash by allocating the characteristics to female and male characters separately. The substituting concealment, sexuality over animosity and hostility over sexuality, happens in Hamlet at last demonstrating their cooperative relationship. The sup... ... strips away female sexuality, life closes. Animosity doesn't make life. The annihilation of the contention limit is a generous exertion by the men, who in this manner, deny everybody sexual fulfillment to adjust the animosity, accordingly falling back on lethal savagery and completion their eternality through multiplication. Â Works Cited Adelman, Janet. Man and Wife is One Flesh: Hamlet and the Confrontation with the Maternal Body. William Shakespeare: Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Contextual analyses in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: St. Martin's, 256-282. Calhoun, J. Character and Psychoanalytic Theory. Psychology 1101. UGA. Athens, 6 Nov 1998. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Contextual analyses in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: St. Martin's, 1994. Stoppard, Tom. Rozencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. New York: Grove, 1967

The Origin Of Language Essay -- essays research papers fc

There has been significant recorded talk over the idea of language. Most battle that idea and language are two interrelated models. Exactly how these models identify with the contention about whether creatures have language capacities and much more explicitly to the Sapir-Whorf human language thought banter, be that as it may, isn't in every case clear. From a human setting we realize that language is an ability which permits us to impart our contemplations to other people and in this manner to achieve wanted "biological, subjective, and social/conduct feedback" (McDonnell, 1977). The inquiry regarding whether language is an aptitude that individuals are brought into the world with or whether it is an ability that is obtained is an intricate one and not one where all analysts are in understanding. Nor are specialists in understanding about whether creatures have the capacity of language. To determine these discussions we should look to both human and creature explore. The phonetic relativity hypothesis known as the Sapir-Whorf speculation was created by Benjamin Lee Whorf (an etymologist and anthropologist) and Edward Sapir. The hypothesis contends that language is a limited exhibit of lexical and syntactic classifications that gathering encounters into usable classes which differ across societies however impact thought. The hypothesis keeps up that an idea can't be comprehended without a fitting word for that idea. To investigate this hypothesis and the creature language contention we should initially acknowledge that the two creatures and people have the limit with regards to language. The following assignment at that point is decide if that limit is natural or obtained. A trademark which is inborn is an instinctual conduct and regularly one which one was brought into the world with. A natural or instinctual conduct is regularly connected with a life form's hereditary inclination to act or respond with a particular goal in mind. Inborn language capacity or our hereditary cosmetics, under the Sapir-Whorf speculation, would serve to constrain the calculated capacity of a person for without words ideas couldn't be comprehended by this theory. There are various focuses which can serve to ruin this theory. The cooperation between hereditary cosmetics and conduct or response is an intriguing one. A few analysts fight that fundamental phonetic association, or punctuation, is a one, which is incorporated with the human cerebrum (McConnell, 1977). These scientist accept that people... ... is, inarguably, a massively significant piece of semantic turn of events and refinement. Clearly it is social cooperation which decides the points of interest of our language. It could be battled along these lines that since creatures have not been given the proper improvement which would require the refinement of their language, they have not refined language abilities to the degree which is confirm in people. This doesn't imply that creatures are unequipped for language, or that they do not have a comprehension of ideas because of their absence of words for those ideas, simply that they directly do not have the level of refinement which is recognizable in human language. Book reference Grunwald, Lisa; Jeff Goldberg and Stacey Be. (1993, 1 Jul). Revelation: The Amazing Minds of Infants. Life. Huba, M.E.; and S. Ramisetty-Mikler. (1995, 1 Sep). â€Å"The Language abilities and ideas of right on time and non-early Readers.† Journal of Genetic Psychology. McConnell, James V. (1977). Understanding Human Behavior: â€Å"An Introduction to Psychology.† Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York. Murray, Linda A. (1996, Feb 1). Social Interaction and the â€Å"Development of Language and Cognition.† British Journal of Psychology. The Origin Of Language Essay - articles look into papers fc There has been extensive authentic talk over the idea of language. Most fight that idea and language are two interrelated models. Exactly how these measures identify with the discussion about whether creatures have language abilities and significantly more explicitly to the Sapir-Whorf human language thought banter, be that as it may, isn't in every case clear. From a human setting we realize that language is an expertise which permits us to impart our musings to other people and in this manner to accomplish wanted "biological, intellectual, and social/conduct feedback" (McDonnell, 1977). The inquiry concerning whether language is an ability that people are brought into the world with or whether it is an aptitude that is procured is an unpredictable one and not one in which all scientists are in understanding. Nor are analysts in understanding about whether creatures have the capacity of language. To determine these debates we should look to both human and creature examine. The etymological relativity hypothesis known as the Sapir-Whorf speculation was created by Benjamin Lee Whorf (a language specialist and anthropologist) and Edward Sapir. The hypothesis contends that language is a limited exhibit of lexical and syntactic classifications that gathering encounters into usable classes which fluctuate across societies yet impact thought. The hypothesis keeps up that an idea can't be comprehended without a fitting word for that idea. To investigate this hypothesis and the creature language contention we should initially acknowledge that the two creatures and people have the limit with regards to language. The following errand at that point is decide if that limit is natural or gained. A trademark which is natural is an instinctual conduct and regularly one which one was brought into the world with. An intrinsic or instinctual conduct is regularly connected with a living being's hereditary penchant to carry on or respond with a particular goal in mind. Intrinsic language capacity or our hereditary cosmetics, under the Sapir-Whorf theory, would serve to restrain the theoretical capacity of a person for without words ideas couldn't be comprehended by this speculation. There are various focuses which can serve to ruin this speculation. The collaboration between hereditary cosmetics and conduct or response is a fascinating one. A few analysts battle that essential phonetic association, or language, is a one, which is incorporated with the human mind (McConnell, 1977). These analyst accept that people... ... is, inarguably, an enormously significant piece of phonetic turn of events and refinement. Clearly it is social cooperation which decides the points of interest of our language. It could be fought hence that since creatures have not been given the fitting improvement which would require the refinement of their language, they have not refined language abilities to the degree which is confirm in people. This doesn't imply that creatures are unequipped for language, or that they come up short on a comprehension of ideas because of their absence of words for those ideas, simply that they by and by come up short on the level of refinement which is detectable in human language. Book index Grunwald, Lisa; Jeff Goldberg and Stacey Be. (1993, 1 Jul). Disclosure: The Amazing Minds of Infants. Life. Huba, M.E.; and S. Ramisetty-Mikler. (1995, 1 Sep). â€Å"The Language aptitudes and ideas of right on time and non-early Readers.† Journal of Genetic Psychology. McConnell, James V. (1977). Understanding Human Behavior: â€Å"An Introduction to Psychology.† Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York. Murray, Linda A. (1996, Feb 1). Social Interaction and the â€Å"Development of Language and Cognition.† British Journal of Psychology.

Exam Tip: TOEFL Essay Topic Samples

Exam Tip: TOEFL Essay Topic SamplesHave you ever considered using essay topic samples as a way to help you write your TOEFL exam? They can be a great way to understand how to structure your essay, but they can also be a good way to help you understand some of the strengths and weaknesses of the material that you will be covering on the test. That's not to say that they will completely guide you to the right answers, but they can help you see where you need to focus your thinking and help you decide whether a specific answer is best. Here are some sample topics and answer choices that can help you see what you might be up against on the TOEFL.The first example is from the U.S. English literature requirement. You are asked to write an essay on the U.S. military in Iraq and Afghanistan. In this example, we can see several possible answer choices for you to consider.If you are describing the soldiers who are fighting to protect their homeland, you have a lot of different choices. You cou ld describe the men who protect their country from enemy attack, or you could show how the military works as a team. There are also a number of points to emphasize, so it's a good example to give you an idea of what sort of ideas you might have when analyzing the example and assessing its strength.Answering 'American soldiers who protect' may be an answer you get if you are writing about other soldiers, like the Taliban, or American soldiers who protect civilians in the country. It may be a good option if you are focusing on the elements of success in combat. You can also choose to show the spirit and commitment of the men and women who are risking their lives to protect the United States. Finally, it may also be a good choice if you're trying to show why military life is so difficult and why some of the soldiers feel that their actions are not worth the sacrifice. The next example is an excerpt from one of the first questions on the TOEFL Practical. It focuses on questions about th e foreign languages that you are most likely to encounter when taking the exam. You'll find it interesting to see what types of topics and answer choices are most likely to appear on your test.You may be asked to describe the characteristics of a Spanish speaker or an English speaker or even a German speaker. You could even be asked to focus on the meaning of words or to consider the ways in which a language is perceived by people. Regardless of what the question is, you should be able to discuss all of the usual questions and difficulties that students face with their own responses.One thing that you should also be aware of, however, is that you will not have a lot of time to analyze your essay topic before the actual exam. This means that if you know you want to write about Spanish for example, you should really consider including some examples to give you some real-world experience in answering the question on TOEFL.Make sure you really get an idea of what it takes to answer the TOEFL question types. By using sample essay topics, you can see if it is something you are comfortable with and how you can use them to help you score better. This also allows you to compare what you learned in that class with what you can expect on the TOEFL exam.

negative impact of drugs - 1264 Words

Negative effects and impact of drugs on a user and their family Negative effects and impact of drugs on a user and their family Drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, and prescription pain relievers encompass negative effects on users and his or her family members physically and mentally, however there are various treatment options for the drug or drugs abused. In 2003, 7.1% of Americans aged 12 or older were classified as current substance abusers. Statistically significant increases in the use of heroin, marijuana, cocaine, and pain relievers were reported from 2000 to 2001 (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2002). Various drugs have a much greater effect than other drugs may have. Drugs†¦show more content†¦Service delivery continues typically to focus on the individual drug abuse (Copello and Orford, 2002). Because families with cocaine-addicted members display a higher risk of dysfunction, future interventions should take place in the youth’s family and peer environment (Dawes et al., 2000). Drugs such as Codeine, Oxycontin, and Hydrocodone, are prescription medications prescribed by a doctor who may unintentionally cause serious side effects if medications are used long term or chronically abused. Various negative effects of long term use or abuse may include physical and mental dependency, respiratory depression that may lead to death if too large of a dose is ingested, and withdrawal symptoms very similar to that of heroin and morphine. â€Å"Would you believe that prescription medication abuse is the fastest growing drug problem in the United States? Prescription medications are now second only to marijuana as the gateway of drugs first abused. Alarmingly, six of the top 10 abused substances among high school students are prescription drugs (Sprenger, 2012).† Prescription drugs are so commonly accessible that a family member may steal medication from another family member’s medication cabinet. This reason alone may cause a major upset within a tight knit family because an individual who genuinely needs the medication will now be losing doses of medication that will be muchShow MoreRelatedWhy The Longview Drug Education Program Should Have A Positive Or Negative Impact On Students Drug Use1886 Words   |  8 PagesPurposive sampling is when a researcher picks the participants on purpose, as they are considered the most appropriate for the study. As noted earlier, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the Longview Drug Education program will have a positive or negative impact on students drug use. Therefore, participants must be in the city of Longview school system and be in grades K-12th grade. Due to the time restraints and cost issue, the survey will be only distributed to the children meetingRead MoreDrug Use And Drug Dependence1516 Words   |  7 PagesNick wishing for a altered state of consciousness that is one of the many motives for drug use (Hart and Ksir 19). This motive is shown when he uses drugs after seeing his father sleeping on a bench. Flynn states, â€Å"I got high not long after seeing him on the Esplanade† (Flynn 176). This event is another example of Flynn using drugs in emotionally stressful times, which is an accurate portrayal of drug use and drug dependence. This need for a altered state of consciousness is extremely emotionally impactfulRead MorePeer Pressure Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagesspecific contemporary issue and argue how it has and will continue to have an impact on your generation. Peer Pressure. We have all at one stage in our lives, experienced it. We all know what it feels like to be pressured by a peer. Peer pressure today impacts on kids of my generation in a huge aspect. Teenagers feel social pressure in numerous ways such as clothing, music and entertainment choices, to unsafe areas such as drugs, alcohol and smoking. During adolescence, kids emphasize their independenceRead MorePositive Adult Role Models1038 Words   |  4 Pagesliving in a world where teens are doing drugs, pressuring their peers, and trying to be just like the models in magazines. Unfortunately, that’s the world we live in today. What do these teens need? They need positive adult role models. It is important for a teen to be influenced by positive adult role models while growing up; because if they don’t have positive adult role models, teens can be influenced by negative media, negative peer pressure, and teen drug use. The first reason why teens needRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Teen Substance1033 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends as to why teenagers get into drugs and alcohol (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance). The one thing parents do not think about at to why their teenager is involved in drugs and alcohol is social media, and it could be a big reason (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance). Parents talk to their children on how to make the right decision related to drugs and alcohol, but forget they need to address how to make right decisions on social media (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance)Read MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagesof the bused drugs in America and the rest of the world. Interesting accumulating evidence show that the significant negative impact of this drug outweighs the positive effects. However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medic al debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemical compound affects the mental and physical health of the persons abusing this drug. There haveRead MoreKey Content Or Arguments Presented787 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst article on the matter just represents how influential and distinguished Ben Johnson was as an athlete. Despite the fact that drug taking is not ethical, nor admirable, a reporter by the name of Lawton recalls, â€Å"The race was stupendous, arguably the most riveting thing I’ve seen†. This suggests that although there are so many risks, dangers and negative impacts of drug use, there is a positive viewpoint on the issue that it does make watching sport more interesting and engaging for perspective viewersRead MoreHayden Hines. Prof. Hawk. Comp 2. 9 Am-9:50 Am. 5 May 2017.1040 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial topics being discussed in the United States today. Some will have more of an impact than others. Some you may have never even heard of. One of the major and most controversial topics in my opinion is whether or not marijuana should be legalized in the US. There are many factors that play a role in deciding if marijuana would be beneficial to our country. In this essay we will dig into the positives and negatives of legalizing marijuana and you can decide for yours elf if legalizing marijuana isRead More War on Drugs: Germany compared to the Netherlands Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesThe War on Drugs One of the key aspects to consider when evaluating domestic political actors preferences towards policies pertaining to illegal drug use in both the Netherlands and Germany is to evaluate their ideological differences. The Netherlands attitude towards drug policy revolves around limiting the negative impacts illegal drug use has on society by implementing laws catered towards decriminalization. On the other hand, Germany considers drugs a detriment to society and promotes legislationRead MoreEssay about Teenage Drug Addiction1079 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Addiction in Teenagers Drugs have been around for a long time and there are many different reasons for them. In particular, they have been misused by teenagers over the years, but in today’s society drug use is at its highest level. Young adults do not deal with their problems in a healthy way, instead they turn to drugs as a solution. Teens who abuse drugs hurt their loved ones and the people who care the most about them. Drugs impact the health of a young adult because

Communication Skills And Language Proficiency - 1546 Words

Field Experience AK is a nine year old ELL student in Mrs. Tobin’s fourth grade classroom. He was five years old and entering Kindergarten when his family moved to the United States of America from Macedonia. This means he’s been in the country for four years and he has received all of his formal schooling here in the United States, and as a result he has never learned to read or write in his native Macedonian language. AK speaks English at home with his mother, but she has a very distinct accent, which does affect some of her pronunciation of English words. This has helped him develop conversational English language proficiency or Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) that are average for a fourth grader. However, he struggles with Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) and his writing reflects it. His BICS level of proficiency for cognitive domain taxonomy is at the application level. His linguistic process level is communicating. AK’s BICS i nternal language skills (comprehension) are at a level where he understands the meaning of what he is listening to in informal situations most of the time. He also is able to read silently for basic comprehension as long as the text is not too complicated. His external language skills (production) in relation to BICS is he is capable to communicating with meaning, feelings, and intentions in social and highly contextualized situations. He can write in expository and creative formats though with basic language.Show MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication Skills And Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency1608 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe basic interpersonal communication skills and cognitive academic language proficiency from your own understanding (1’). †¢ Interpersonal communication skills, for me is the ability to speak to one another in a form that will allow us to exchange ideas, thoughts, information and emotions. If I had to explain this form of communication in one word I would say â€Å" Chat† this is because in a chat you are to swap and discuss a topic that is either important to you or the listener, or about somethingRead MoreThe Main Stages Of Second Language Development Essay891 Words   |  4 Pagesmain stages to second language development. BICS is Basic Interpersonal communication skills, they are language skills which are needed in a daily basis to interact socially with others. BICS is basic interpersonal communication skills. It is the most basic form of communication and relies on gestures, facial expressions and body language to enhance or support the meaning of words (Brown-Chidsey and Bickford, 2015). BICS can take between 2 and 4 years to achieve. These skills are the ones which areRead MoreDisadvantages Of Japanese English Proficiency823 Words   |  4 Pagesoften said that Japanese English proficiency is not high especially in communication skills such as listening and speaking abilities in comparison with other non-English native countries. The report of EF Education First (a global language training company), EF English Proficiency Index, which was made from the results of nearly 5 million adults test takers from 60 non-English native countries, ranks Japan as 26th out of 60 in average level of English pro ficiency in 2013(EF EFI, 2013, pp5-6). TheRead MoreExplain The Differences Between Bics And Calp1081 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction in second language acquisition. 3. What is the role of a student’s primary language proficiency in second language acquisition? 4. Define Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE). Explain the goals and objectives and instruction features of this framework. (10 points) 5. Briefly describe the difference between informal and formal assessments. What are the advantages/disadvantages of each? 6. Pick one of the activities under the heading â€Å"Promoting Oral Language Development inRead MoreStandard Principles And Techniques For International Air Navigation1594 Words   |  7 PagesICAO English Language Proficiency Since the birth of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1947, this U.N. funded specialized agency has been a substantial catalyst for the development of standard principles and techniques for international air navigation. In addition, they continue to facilitate the promotion of safety and overall development in the continuum of flight. Between the advances in regulations, aircraft operation, aeronautical charts, air traffic services, aircraftRead MoreStandard Principles And Techniques For International Air Navigation1594 Words   |  7 PagesICAO English Language Proficiency Since the birth of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1947, this U.N. funded specialized agency has been a substantial catalyst for the development of standard principles and techniques for international air navigation. In addition, they continue to facilitate the promotion of safety and overall development in the continuum of flight. Between the advances in regulations, aircraft operation, aeronautical charts, air traffic services, aircraftRead MoreIntegrating A Dual Language Immersion Program1262 Words   |  6 Pagesthe information presented by Rhodes, Ochoa, Ortiz’s â€Å"Assessing Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students a practical guide† I would develop a Two Way Dual language immersion K-12 program involving a Late Exit Transitional Bilingual Education element. I visualize a Dual Language Immersion as program that provides education in two languages for English speakers and non-native speakers of English. In a Two-Way ninety-ten syst em or program in which monolingual English-speaking students acquire theRead MoreThe Importance Of Learners With Gifts And Talents1649 Words   |  7 Pages As the population of English Language Learners , otherwise known as ELLs, has been increasing over the past few decades, so has their disproportionate representation in special education. Too many of our ELLs are often disproportionately placed in special education programs, which may be considered a challenge faced by both general and special educators. But what about the underrepresentation of ELLs in the gifted and talented programs? It seems as though general educators struggle to provide theseRead MoreTeaching Learners Develop Their Students Oral Proficiency Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe materials, activities, exercises, and digital tools in the project can help Chinese EFL teachers develop their students’ oral proficiency. In addition, with authentic learning materials and speaking practices, the project is designed to help English learners develop their communicative abilities. English teachers in China may refer to this curriculum in designing their own lessons for oral practice. English teachers in China can find some inspirations from this project when they want to useRead MoreOnline Classes Vs. Traditional Classes949 Words   |  4 Pages Thus, this type of education has been widely used in second language classes to improve language learners. Unlike in the past, in our modern world, a range of language classes are created to provide students with the necessary skills to enhance language proficiency with two distinctive types of classes: online and traditional. Various studies have been conducted regarding whether or not traditional classes support language proficiency more than online ones. The argument often used by opponents of

Organizational Behavior Change Project - 1112 Words

McDonalds is an apt example to study the organizational behavior change project. The organization is operating in over 121 countries around the globe and more than 52 million people working Cross all locations in the world. The organization has laid firm grounds of motivating its employees by engaging them in different programs and has maintained its competitiveness. Therefore, we will study McDonalds to gain insight of its organizational structure and current state analysis. McDonalds believes in employee satisfaction and thereby providing excellent customer service. It works with the conviction of always doing right for all the stakeholders be it their customers or the employees. McDonalds is also involved in various community services. It encompasses a vision of being the best employer world wide. McDonalds believes in continuously involving in training and leadership of its staff and the Ray Kroc’s the founder of the organization has been quoted saying that he will inves t money in talent. This is the because McDonalds one of the corporate values has ‘people’ as one of the most important pillars. Therefore, training plays an important role in reinforcing the corporate values and cultural binds the employees with a positive image of the organization. Hence, McDonalds not only engages in being dedicated to quality and hygienic food but also in providing best work knowledge to the employees to increase productivity. They are therefore, involved in buildingShow MoreRelatedEssay on MBA detail course outline1314 Words   |  6 PagesBanking Finance †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research Methods †¢ Organization Theory †¢ Organization Theory †¢ Financial Accounting †¢ Financial Accounting †¢ Project Management Fundamentals Read MoreOrganizational Culture And Human Behavior1323 Words   |  6 PagesSuccessful projects are those that are completed within the agreed upon scope and budget, and on time. Cost and schedule overages cause majority of projects unsuccessful. Therefore, it is imperative that organizations employ better ideas and novel methodologies and frameworks in managing projects (Murthy, 2014). A major factor of a project’s success is the behavior of the employees. Employee behavior is influenced by organizational culture and leadership. This paper will briefly explore the influenceRead More Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay1022 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Businesses today often promote change to create a better more productive work environment. These changes occasionally produce unwanted results which were not expected or planned for. By monitoring organizational behavior unwanted or negative results can be minimized so change can be effective within an organization. Organizational behavior, organizational culture, diversity, communication, business ethics, and change management are all factorsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1284 Words   |  6 PagesBachelor of Business Administration (Hons) Course Title : Organizational Behavior Course Code : BUS 250 Year of Study : 2 Number of Credits : 3 credits Duration in Weeks : 12 weeks Contact Hours Per Week : 3 hours Pre-requisite Course(s) : BUS 120 Principles and Practice of Management Course Aims The course provides students with a conceptual and a pragmatic approach to understand the employees’ behavior in the organization. This course equips students with the knowledgeRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1046 Words   |  5 PagesHead: Organizational Behavior \ Erica Wilson Organizational Behavior AJS 512 Douglas Bryant III April 23, 2012 Organizational Behavior According to Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, and Uhl-bien Organizational behavior is the study of individuals and groups in organizations (pg. 4). Organizational behavior is an applied discipline that is based on scientific method which was researched to help formulate teams and collegial work environments. The importance of organizational behavior is toRead MoreDesign Studio Focused On Graphic Design1636 Words   |  7 Pagesability to lead a customer and the creative subordinates through a project efficiently. In addition, the organization has a group dynamic issue that affects communication networks and teamwork capabilities. The situation’s organizational behavior issues fed into the efficiency of system wide operations. Based on the Account Manager’s assessment and discretion, the entire group will undergo change facilitated by an Organizational Development professional. The administrator needs to be assessed forRead MoreUnderstanding Matrix Structures1065 Words    |  5 PagesCritical Thinking: Understanding Matrix Structures An organization’s capacity for responding effectively to dynamic change derives from a synergistic combination of people, processes, and flexible organizational structures (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske, 2009). The flexibility of an organization’s structure depends on the relationships that determine organizational workflow, authority and communication (Covin, Slevin, Schultz, 1994). As an example, this paper describes a matrix structureRead More Organizational Behavior Terms and Concepts Essays1184 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terms and Concepts Summary Organizational behavior is a key concept which managers need to fully understand to have a successful department and organization. Along with the having a good repose with employees; managers need to have an understanding of the environment and goals of the organization he or she works in. Since companies are now growing into a more global organization, the need for proper communication is necessary for managers in order for the organizationRead MoreEssay about Countryside Environmental1054 Words   |  5 Pagescausing tension and problems in the workplace with everyone, due to her perceived family problems †¢ Gwen feels John has taken some of her power and given it to Vincent †¢ Vincent’s arrival has caused Gwen to feel under-rated in the current project and has stressed this fact to Vincent, John and others †¢ Vincent has asked John to control and put Gwen in her place – but to no avail †¢ Staff have resigned, and others are about to because of Gwen’s uncontrollable and demeaning nature,Read MoreOrganizational Project Management1193 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction 3 2. Organizational project management 4 3. OPM3 Model 5 3.1. Primary physical parts of the standard 5 3.2. OPM3 Stages 6 4. How does the OPM3 work? 7 5. Benefits of OPM3 to the organization 8 6. What kind of commitment is required to launch OPM3 in an organization? 8 7. Importance of OPM3 to the project management profession 9 8. Summary 10 9. References 11 1. Introduction Successful implementation of a new organizational strategy can turn a good

Urbanization and the Environment

Question: Does Urbanization occur at the cost of the environment? Answer: Urbanization is the increase in human population, industrialization and commerce leading to the increase on the boundaries of a settlement. As of 2014, 54% of the world lives in urban areas and by 2050, 66% of the world will be living in urban areas (United Nations, 2014). Urban settlements are the economic and innovation hub of a country, the industries and highly specialized human labour in the urban areas are what drive the growth of the economy. Human beings and the industries are highly dependent on the environment to function. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in 1750, human activities have contributed to changes in the environment and the climate (Environment Protection Agency,2017). Urban areas have a high standard of living compared to rural areas, (Wan, 2012) and higher life expectancy. As much as urbanization offer better standards of living for human beings, it has had detrimental effects on the environment. Urbanization has affected every faucet of the env ironment; the atmosphere, hydrosphere and the lithosphere. Urbanization affects air and water quality through the waste released from homes and the industries. More than 70% of green- house gases are released form urban areas, this leads to global warming (Fragkias, et al, 2013), which not only affects the present generation but also future generations. Global warming leads to leads to several negative effects such as increased sea levels and erratic weather patterns (Casper, 2010). Increased urbanization means more green-house gases will be released and more forests will be destroyed to pave way to settle the growing population. Forests are important for carbon sequestration and continued destruction of forests leads to increase in green- house gases. In addition to affecting the quality of air, water quality is the most affected by urbanization. Water runoff from the impervious surface of urban areas carries heavy metals and nutrients that change up the chemistry of rivers and streams close to urban areas (Riley, 2008). Day to day activiti es of man such as driving, car maintenance and lawn and small garden management are some of the sources of pollutants that are washed into water bodies. Fertilizers, oil spill from vehicles and exhaust fumes from cars are a source of heavy metals that are washed into water bodies (Barrios, 2000). Industries and homes discharge their effluent into water bodies increasing the amount of pathogens, and left over food or biological materials dumped into water bodies decompose in the water bodies reducing dissolved oxygen in the water this affects living organisms in the water body. For such waste mater to be produced raw materials have to be consumed and this is another area that urban areas have continually developed at the expense of the environment. Natural regeneration of environmental resources is important in sustaining life on earth. Cities consume more energy, water, food and other natural resources than rural areas. Urban areas consume 66% of the worlds energy, most of these being fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are finite resources that are rapidly being depleted due to the heavy consumption by urban centers. The world economy is totally dependent on fossil fuel and their depletion could lead to a crush of the global economy thus reducing the high standards of living in urban areas (Leng, 2009). The high demand of fossil fuel leads to extreme excavation and exploration which greatly impacts the overall state of the environment. Even though third world countries do not consume much fossil fuel as the first world, use of charcoal is prevalently high in urban areas. Rural urban migration is happening at a faster rate than development leading to poverty and cropping up of shanties in urban areas. Thus more charcoal and firewood is used in poverty stricken areas, this puts a strain on forests and woodlands due to illegal logging to meet the demands of the city dwellers. The increasing population also puts a strain on agricultural lands, continued use of fertilizer and poor farming methods have been known to affect soil quality. A lot of agricultural land is losing fertility due to the pressure to feed urban dwellers. Minerals are finite resources that have been exploited at an unsustainable rate; future generations might not have minerals such as copper or iron which are important in the industrialization of any society. It is therefore important that the present generation develops at a sustainable rate in order to leave behind a planet that is habitable for future generations. Even though the effects of rapid urban growth on the environment can evidently be seen and felt, research carried out in some areas has shown that urbanization is helpful to the environment. Wan (2012) list the benefits of urbanization: economies of scale that make urban areas more productive than rural areas, the public has access to environmentally friendly services such as clean piped water, innovative green technologies that arise from urban areas and the higher standards of living that improve the overall living and life expectancy of people living in urban areas. These findings by Wan show the benefits of urbanization to people living in the urban; the benefits aforementioned are mainly for urban areas in developed countries. The discussions forget that activities that occur in urban areas also affect the people and areas far away from the urban areas. Even with the green technology being developed in the cities most of the technology can not reverse the effects that urbanizati on has had on the environment. Even with the benefits that urban areas continually enjoy this is at the expense of the environment. Urban development is part of human development and that is here to stay, but this does not warrant the destruction of the environment. Urban development should be done in a sustainable way to meet the needs of the present and future generations. Urbanization has had devastating effects on the environment; cities are the main source of green house gases which have caused global warming and pollution of the atmosphere these have had effects on the climate. Solid and liquid waste disposed off in water bodies affect the quality of water bodies making, while the consumerism of the cities has greatly strained natural resources. The strain on natural resources has led to the depletion of natural resources in some areas. Urban centers have a higher standard of living than rural areas and they have shown increased human life expectancy. Green technology and sustainable development are the only way that urbanization will occur at a friendly rate that is not harmful to the environment. References Burrios, A. (2000, June). Urbanisation and Water quality. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.537.4544rep=rep1type=pdf Casper, J. K. (2010).Changing ecosystems effects of global warming. New York: Facts on File. Fragkias, M., Lobo, J., Strumsky, D., Seto, K. C. (2013, June 4). Does Size Matter? Scaling of CO2 Emissions and U.S. Urban Areas. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064727 Leng, R. A. (2009, January). The impact of resource depletion is being overshadowed by the threat of global warming. Retrieved from https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/2/leng.htm Riley, M. (2008, May 12). Water Quality and Urbanization. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/es196/projects/2008final/RileyM_2008.pdf United States Environment Protection Agency. (2017, March 20). Causes of Climate Change. Retrieved April 19, 2017, from https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change United Nations. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved April 19, 2017, from https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/publications/files/wup2014-highlights.Pdf Wan, G. (2013, June 12). Urbanization can be good for the environment. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://www.asiapathways-adbi.org/2012/12/urbanization-can-be-good-for-the-environment/

Management 331 Essay Example

Management 331 Essay Name: Course: Institution: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Management 331 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Management 331 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Management 331 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Management 331 Brazil is a country that is acknowledged for having a rich atmosphere for conducting business. The country hosts a large population of one hundred and ninety million people who possess different ethnicities including German, African and Spanish among many others (US Commercial Guide 2). Brazil also has an expanded economic industry that includes several market opportunities for small and big businesses for countries including the United States. However, the main businesses that make up Brazil’s industrious economy involve products like vehicles, petrol chemicals and computers among others. Focusing on personal computers, there are several ways in which an international business could be conducted. For example, the firm could export computers to the country, form a business partnership with a Brazil-based company or initiate a completely owned subsidiary. However, for the business to succeed, an evaluation of each of these methods is required in order to determine the best option. In this process, advantages and disadvantages of each method are identified in order to determine the best option that will be more effective to the business (US Commercial Guide 4). In the business strategy of exporting personal computers from the United States to Brazil, cost advantages are realized. For example, the cost of manufacturing computers in America appears to be more costly than when in Brazil. In addition, the costs involved are opportunity costs since the expenses for producing PCs replace the costs of the cars that could have been manufactured. For example, while in America, a business would require to give up the production of one hundred and fifty vehicles to manufacture a thousand PCs, a business venturing in Brazil would only require giving up one hundred cars. However, since Brazil’s major market is made of imports from the United States[1], it leads to a problem of congestion within the market space. For example, in such a scenario, there are probably American PC businesses that crowd the Brazilian market and hence it will be difficult for a business to establish itself due to increased competition. An emerging market is characterized by rapid economic progress and an increase in foreign business ventures. Brazil is one of the emerging markets in the world because of its rich possession of natural resources. Brazil has also become an established market for American IT technology[2]. U.S investors dealing with producing computer equipment are significantly required to incorporate the needs of the Brazilian population that speak languages including Portuguese (Jennifer 2011). For example, the American manufacturers could include a language translating function in the computer systems in order to meet the needs of the Brazilian population and hence become more profitable. The alternative of establishing a partnership with a Brazilian-based company has its advantages. For example, one of the progressing sectors in Brazil is the PC hardware based on referring to the overall revenues earned that have increased to billions of dollars. This could create a great opportunity for an American business partnership with Brazil because if the computer industry in Brazil is progressing profitably, the investment is likely to follow the same trend (Jennifer 2011). However, the success achieved from conducting business in Brazil is usually based on one’s persistence, experience and being highly acquainted with the country’s cultural and legal standards. This is because Brazil maintains a distinctive legal structure, which causes the problem of unfamiliarity among many foreign investors. Investing in the Brazilian partnership could lead to the emergence of more opportunities. For example, the partnership could take advantage of the situation, in which certain areas have population that is less acquainted with information technology by providing education services. On the final alternative of starting a sole PC business in an emerging economy such as Brazil, several advantages are realized. One advantage is that the company is likely to experience early attainment due to the progressive economic state and hence gain acknowledgement as a strong influential brand within the industry. As a result, this could develop a great opportunity for American businesses that are competing within the elite category of the market. This is because the business will be able to maintain stable connections with other local businesses, which would create a competitive advantage over the other competitive businesses. In emerging economies, capital is usually readily available and forming a connection to its accessibility helps businesses to contribute their resources for enabling domestic advancement. In addition, businesses that have lacked capital potential could be given an opportunity to reestablish themselves. Minimal firms are also given the opportunity to develop in the emerging markets, a chance that was not available to them while they were in the domestic market. However, the disadvantage of establishing a business in an emerging economy is the issue of dealing with cultural jeopardy. Different cultural views on product utility may have requirements that differ from those identified by a business. For example, an American business may have certain cultural challenges while operating in Brazil due to being less acquainted with the business culture of that environment. After analyzing the three alternatives of how to operate the computer business, it is best to consider establishing a business within the country. This is because it will create the opportunities of transforming the business into a successful venture that gains acknowledgement and a strong influence over its competitors. Works Cited Blanke, Jennifer. â€Å"Global Competitiveness World Economic Forum 6 July 2004. December 16, 2011 . Doing Business in Brazil: Country Commercial Guide for U.s. Companies. Springfield, VA: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 2005. Print. [1] Other imports include Canada and some other European countries.

Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Essay Example

Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Essay Example Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Paper Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Paper A Grinded reagent is a type of ergonomically, which consists of a bond twine a metal and a carbon. There are three types of carbon-metal bonds: ionic, polar covalent, and covalent. The ionic bonded compounds (example: RNa) have a weak bond between the carbon and the metal, and are therefore not useful because they are so volatile, and they will react with nearly anything. The covalent bonded compounds (example: Rap) are toxic. The compounds that are polar covalent bonded are Grinded reagents and are useful in making carbon- carbon bonds and reducing carbonyl. Grinded reagents are any of the numerous organic derivatives of magnesium (MGM), commonly represented by the mineral formula Ramp (in which R is a hydrocarbon radical: CHI, CHI, CHI, etc. ; and X is a halogen atom, usually chlorine, bromine, or iodine). They are called Grinded reagents after their discoverer, French chemist Victor Grinded, who was a corrections of the 1912 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this work (1). Grinded reagents commonly are prepared by reaction of an alkyl halide (RUG) with magnesium in a nitrogen atmosphere because the reagent is very reactive toward oxygen and moisture, which would cause the reagent to react with the water instead of any carbon atoms (2). Grinded reagents react with water to produce alkaline. This is the reason that everything has to be very dry during the preparation. Alkyl halides vary greatly in their rates of reaction with magnesium. For example, alkyl iodides generally react very rapidly, whereas most aryl chlorides react very slowly, if at all. : Their chemical behavior resembles that of carbonation species that contain a negatively charged carbon (:CHI). Grinded reagents are strong bases and strong nucleotides. Thus, the Grinded reagent methamphetamine bromide (Chamber) behaves as if it were equivalent to the method ion (:CHI-). Grinded agents are made through single electron transfers with magnesium and an alkyl halide. Grinded reagents are manufactured through the process of a radical reaction as shown below. Grinded reagents react with molecules to extend carbon-carbon chains through the attraction of a necrophilia carbon to an electroscopic carbon (necrophilia addition). The Grinded reagent can serve as a nucleoli because of the attraction between the slight negatives of the carbon atom in the Grinded reagent and the oppositeness of the carbon in the carbonyl compound. The Grinded reagent can oxidize a carbonyl functional group into a hydroxyl group. The metal is less electronegative than the carbon, so the carbon bears a partial negative charge. This partial negative charge attacks the carbonyl at the partially positive carbon, forms a new carbon-carbon bond, and pushes an electron pair out of the double bond into the lone pair position. The metal then attaches itself at the now negatively charged oxygen. This compound is then treated with an aqueous acid to propionate the oxygen and forms the hydroxyl group. Except for hydrocarbons, ethers, and tertiary amines, almost all organic compounds react with Grinded reagents. Many of these reactions are used for hemolytic purposes, notably those with carbonyl compounds (e. G. Leaderless, stones, esters, and call chlorides), with epoxies, and with halogen compounds of certain metals (e. G. , zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury) to form the alkyl derivatives of those metals. Grinded reagents react with water to form a strong base, and they can act as a nucleoli to find a primary alcohol as shown respectively below. Grinded reagents also react with the least hindered carbon on an epoxies to break the ring in order to relieve ring strain. A reaction of the Grinded reagent and carbon dioxide results in an acid, and action of a nitrite and a Grinded reagent produce a carbonyl via an amine intermediate. These are show below, respectively. Grinded reagents are reactive enough to also attach esters; however, two equivalents of the Grinded reagent are usually added because less then two equivalents leave a large quantity of enervative ester. This reaction forms a tertiary alcohol. Grinded reagents cannot be synthesized from alcohols because instead of reacting with the halide to form the Grinded reagent, the alcohol is deprecated. Grinded reagents also cannot be synthesized from molecules with a carbonyl group. Solvent choice is important in Grinded reagent formation. The solvent must be non-reactive with a negatively charged carbon (ex. Acetone or anything even slightly acidic), and the solvent cannot have a carbonyl group. The solvent must be a volatile solvent that provides a blanket of solvent over the reaction solution so that oxygen and moisture in the air are excluded from the reaction. Oxygen and moisture in the air are very slightly acidic and would disrupt the synthesis of a Grinded reagent. Anhydrous ether (ROR) is often used as a solvent in creating Grinded reagents because it keeps out water and oxygen, makes the complex soluble, and is non-reactive. Water and oxygen cause undesired side reactions. The oxygen in ether has a lone pair of electrons, which is attracted to the partially positive metal. The solvent helps the polar Grinded reagent dissolve by coordination. A dry reflux apparatus is used to heat a solution without gaining any water from the atmosphere. Reflux is the cycle of a liquid going through vaporization and condensation. In order to speed up reactions or to increase the solubility of a compound, chemists often times reflux reaction mixtures. This step implies hat the reaction mixture is brought to a boil. The lowest boiling compound in the mixture determines the temperature when this occurs, usually the solvent. It condenses and returns into the reaction vessel (3). There are some other benefits to using a reflux apparatus. First, molecules dissolve faster in heated liquids because the molecules are moving faster and thus collide faster and more often. Second, the heat needed to cause the solution to reflux is energy that can assist molecules in acquiring enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier to go from liquid to vapor. The liquid in the flask boils, vaporizes, ND then hits the cool condenser and condenses back into the flask. The water running through the condenser keeps it cool and allows the vapors rising out of the reaction vessel to condense and drip back down into the solution. The Cacao in the drying tube keeps any water from the atmosphere from entering the system. The set up of a dry reflux apparatus is a round bottom flask clamped above a heating mantle with a condenser attached to the round bottom flask. A thermometer adapter is used to attach the drying tube to the condenser.

Principle of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Principle of Management - Essay Example In this essay the researcher analyzes the main problems and issues being faced by Jack Grayson. Jack Grayson was the local general manager of the Bridge Building Company. Jack’s father had founded the company in the 1950's. He had been a civil engineer, and the company had specialized in that type of work, cashing in on the construction of new motorways in the UK in the 1950's and 1960's. Jack is the main character of the case study we have to analyze his style and management techniques employed by him. The main areas that the researcher focused in this essay were: collective bargaining at enterprise level, flexibility in relation to various forms of employment as well as in relation to working time and job functions. The researcher uses Point to Point Analysis to provide some glimpses of Jack ‘s dialogues showing his positive and negative aspects of his character and attitude. To conclude, the researcher sums up that Jack was dragged into a tricky situation by his own f aulty aggressive attitude. Although, Jack had some psychological issues that were mentioned in the essay, he proved that he is intelligent enough to understand his errors and correct them timely. He done so and provided his team an opportunity to sort out their differences and errors, which was a right thing to do. He gave ample time with a blend of warning so that every one gets super active and do the job. The researcher states that Jack proved successful work attitude and avoided an eminent threat to very existence of the branch of the Bridge Building Company.

Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return Assignment

Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return - Assignment Example Table 1 shows the cash inflow expected to be generated and the cash outflow expected to be incurred should the proposed expansion be undertaken. During the first year, the company will incur expenses to finance the purchase of the new plant and equipment costing 5,000,000. It is assumed that this amount will be a one time expense fully incurred during the first year. This report also recognized the need to recognize the investment in research and development already incurred by the company. The rationale behind this is to fully and adequately evaluate the profitability of the project. It should be noted that in order to come up with a proper valuation, the company should account for all the revenues and expenses generated by the project. Thus, it is inclusive of all the expenses incurred to bring the project in operation. Research and development cost of 900,000 should be accounted for because without it, the expansion will be impossible to pursue. During 2005, the amount of 1,800,000 to cover additional working capital expenses is also included in the cash outlay required. However, management also expects that after five years, this amount will be freed up and can be readily used by other projects. Thus, Table 1 also shows that during 2005, the company will be needing 1,800,000 while this amount will be available during 2010. In the case of the overhead costs, this report decided to use the 300,000 per annum as estimated by the project development team advisor. This is deemed appropriate as allocating 50% of the wages is just an estimate. It should also be noted that depreciation expense will not be included in the computation of the NPV because cash flow is not directly affected by the account. As taxes and inflation are excluded in the analysis, tax shield from depreciation will not be considered. The computation for NPV is shown in Table 2. Since the company is using 14% as the required rate of return for the expansion, the cash flows are discounted at the same rate. According to the computation in Table 2, the NPV of the expansion using 14% cost of capital is (403.47). Table 2. Discounted Cash Flow and NPV for Expansion (2005-2010, in thousand) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Inflow/ (Outflow) (8500) 2,040 1,940 2,140 2,140 3,940 Present Value Factor (14%) 1.0000 0.8722 0.7695 0.6750 0.5921 0.5194 Present Value (8500) 1789.4 1492.8 1444.5 1267.0 2046.4 NET PRESE NT VALUE (403.47) Internal Rate of Return The internal rate of return is the cost of capital which equates the net present value of all cash flow to zero. The IRR can be computed by calculating the NPV at different interest rates. Utilizing this method, we come up with Figure 1 which shows that IRR is approximately 12%. Figure 1 . NPV at Different Cost of Capital Question 2. Prepare an informal report for the Board of

Class Inequality Essay Example for Free

Class Inequality Essay Social class is one of the oldest and most persistent inequalities in British society. In the past, people were very aware of their social class and their expected roles and responsibilities. People would have worn different clothes, behaved in different ways and had a very different culture from each other and they would have accepted this as a perfectly normal element of behaviour. We are still aware today of some of the cultural differences between the social classes so that rich people and poorer people have different accents, are educated differently and wear different styles of clothes from each other. These cultural differences that separate the classes are known as indicators of class. In the past, many people also believed that people of the highest social classes were better than other people and should be respected because of their social position. This idea is known as deference. People nowadays are less willing to admit that social class is important. Poorer people may imitate the styles and behaviour of wealthy people by buying copies of their expensive clothes in cheaper shops or buying replicas and fakes. However, rich people often copy the street style of the working class people and their fashions. The differences between the classes seem to be blurred to such an extent that many people would not define their social class in the same way that sociologists might. Sociologists mostly believe that despite the way that people reject the idea of social classes, it is still important in our society. We are just less aware of it than people were in the past. It affects our life chances and our life styles, with high earning people enjoying a superior standard of living and better life chances than those from more deprived backgrounds. Subjective class can be measured by attitudes, beliefs and political opinions. This generally consists of the vague notions upper, middle and working class and most people would identify themselves as belonging to one of these groups. This type of description does not explain the full range of  differences between these groups. People may be middle class and have access to huge wealth, whereas others have the education, lifestyle and manners of the middle class but are relatively poor. Equally, people from a working class background who achieve very good professional jobs may well still feel themselves to be working class. In contrast, sociologists are concerned with objective class. This refers to our occupations, education, possessions and our wealth. It can be measured in the data put out by the Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys such as mortality lists. Sociologists have had limited success in attempts to measure social class objectively. There are two generally used scales of social class, though a very wide number have been devised by sociologists in the past. The Registrar Generals Index of Social Class was used by government statisticians till 2001, and is still widely used as a rough indicator of peoples background. It uses occupation as the basis of differentiation. People are placed in a five point scale. This is still used by advertisers and manufacturers who target products to certain markets. There are weaknesses with this class indicator because it does not take into account peoples income or their job security. In addition, women take their class from their male relatives. Most people are in class C or class 3. Since 2001, the class structure has been amended to take into account employment conditions including: job security, promotion opportunity and the ability and opportunity to work on their own and make own decision s about tasks. This new scale is known as the NS SEC. Goldblatt suggested alternative measures of class including home ownership, access to a car and educational status and he has shown that all of these can be correlated to inequalities in health. One of the most recent attempts to define the class system in a new and radical way was by Will Hutton (18995). Hutton is a critic of the New Right. He argues that social inequality, in the form of low wages, low skill and high unemployment, has resulted in a clearly divided and economically unstable society. Hutton has put forward the 30-30-40 thesis to show the three-way split in contemporary British class relations. He says our society can now be seen to consist of: 30% unemployed, low paid, insecure work; 30% with some job security and quality of life; 40% privileged workers in secure and regular employment. In addition, the nature of work which is a traditional measure of a persons class position is changing so the debates have become complex and theoretical. Certainly, inequality is an important social dynamic, but there is a question mark over whether this is related to social class or whether people even recognise class as significant in their lives. Marxists argue strongly that it is but that people do not recognise it for reasons related to deskilling and proletarianisation; feminists suggest other dynamics influence inequality and post-modernists suggest that the important dynamic is not class but the ability to spend money. 2 What is the link between class and occupation? Traditionally class has been linked to the type of work a person does. The debate as to the nature of class has therefore become more complex as the nature of work has changed. The upper classes are able to live off unearned income such as rents from land or property. There are so few of the upper classes that they are more or less invisible to sociologists. Very little research has been done on these people. Upper class people usually keep themselves to themselves and are not willing to participate in studies. Recent work by Adonis and Pollard (1998) stresses the significance of the upper class in modern British society and they consider that there is an emerging superclass that consist of an elite of extremely high paid managers and professionals. According to Adonis and Pollard, this new superclass is linked financially to the City of London, a male and upper class world that has many links with the traditions and heritage of public school and Oxbridge elites of the past. This superclass emerged from the financial changes of the 1980s and is composed of people who benefited from low taxation and privatisation of industry to become significant in international trading with global companies. They earn multi-million salaries and have large financial bonus packages. Papers tend to refer to them as Fat Cats. The middle classes live off professional work such as law, medicine or the ownership of a business. Generally they earn more and have better working conditions than the working class. Working class people work with their hands as tradesmen or labourers. Work with the hands is known as manual work. We still call professional people who sell knowledge rather than skills, non-manual workers. This is the basic social class division in society between manual and non-manual work. Middle class work requires educational qualifications and skills. Most people who are members of the middle classes will have been to university and gained higher level professional qualifications as well. Generally, middle class professional work is well paid or has good conditions and terms of service. In the past, there would have been quite serious differences in pay between professional workers and manual workers though these differences have been eroded. C Wright Mills (1956) and others have seen the middle classes as divided into two groups. The higher professions have the potential for high earnings and who are self-employed or employed by large corporations. These are people such as judges, accountants, lawyers, dentists, doctors. These people tend to control entry into their occupations. The lower professions are often, though not exclusively, feminised and work in the public sector. They have limited access to high earnings and include teachers, nurses, and social workers. The lower middle classes have become more like the working class according to the Marxist, Braverman (1974) who points out that many of the professions, such as architects, have become vulnerable to redundancies. He also claims that skills are being lost (de-skilling) because mechanisation means that individuals are now being taken over by technology. People are no longer required to undertake tasks that traditionally required talent. Tradesmen have lost their skills to machines, and architects plans can be created by computer programmes. Others, such as teachers or opticians who are unable to control entry into their professions are no longer able to claim high rates of pay as there is always demand for work and people who are willing to  accept low rates in return for employment. Oppenheimer (1973) has also suggested that the middle classes have lost power and authority in work. Working class work may require high levels of skill and effort: however, because it is manual work, it is not generally well paid and often is of relatively low status. In addition, although years of on-the-job training may be involved in such work, people will not have been to university or college. Hairdressing, for example, is one of the worst paid occupations on average. Unskilled work is very low value, low status work and there are few openings for people who have no educational qualifications. Work which once was done by people is now done by one person with a qualification who operates a machine. In the 1930s, digging was done by teams of men with shovels. We would be surprised to see people do work of this kind today. Even much check-out work is now done by machine alone. In the 197Os, it was commonly believed by many commentators that the working class were becoming more middle class as their incomes were higher than previously earned by the working class. This theory was known as the affluent worker thesis or embourgeoisement and was supported by Galbraith. This theory was disproved by Goldthorpe, Lockwood, Bechofer and Platt (1968) who conducted detailed research on car workers in Dagenham. They found that that the workers worked longer hours and had different attitudes to work from middle class management. Fiona Devine (1992) repeated the work and found that redundancy and unemployment were a real concern for working class families. The gap between professional work and working class work was widening. Another debate has opened up in terms of occupation and class in the last thirty years. Unemployment and benefit dependency has become more common in British society. This has led to the development of a significant underclass of people who have never earned their own money. In the early 1970s, the term was used sympathetically by Giddens and other members of the developing New Left (1973) to describe those who faced massive deprivation and social inequality with working conditions and income levels below even those of the working class. At the same time, other social commentators from the New  Right were using the term underclass negatively to describe a class of people who have little self-sufficiency but rely on social security benefits to survive. The term dole scrounger was widely used in the press to describe those who lived on benefit. What is the relationship between work, class and income? There is a common belief that those who earn more money have worked harder for it. In reality, the low paid are often extremely hard working but unable to gain an acceptable income from the work that they do. One of the reasons is to do with the changing nature of the work that is available. The structure of the British economy has undergone radical change since the end of World War 2. There has been a massive move away from employment in primary industries such as agriculture and coal mining. Manufacturing or secondary industry has also experienced a drop in employment. There has been a reduction in traditionally male heavy industry and a growth in light industry and assembly work that can be automated and which employs more females. The real growth sector in the economy has been in service sector jobs. Many of these are middle class jobs in management and training; however, more are jobs which offer long hours, low pay and casual part time work in restaurants and pubs. Ivan Turak (2000) points out that the actual number of manual jobs fell by 11% between 1981 and 1991 while non-manual jobs have expanded. Certain sectors of the workforce have been more vulnerable to unemployment, and he points to the older male manual worker as being particularly vulnerable. Paul Gregg (1994) has claimed that one of the main causes of poverty in Britain is unemployment and that the UK had a third more families out of work than other developed countries. Statistics suggest that in a fifth of households, there is no adult in employment and although in the rest of Europe, 80% of single parents work, in Britain the figure is closer to 40% of single parents in work. Figures based on social class alone are difficult to access, as emphasis is placed on other forms of inequality in official data. However, there is a  clear link between a persons social class and the opportunities or life chances that they may experience. As Wilkinson (1996) identified, people at the bottom of the stratification system in the UK have severely reduced life chances: In Britain people in the poorest areas have death rates that are age for age four times as high as people in the richest areas. Among Whitehall civil servants, junior staff were found to have death rates three times as high as the most senior administrators working in the same offices. In 1994, it was established that 2.2 million workers in the UK earned less than 68% of the average gross weekly wage that stood at less than  £6.00 per hour in that year. These low paid workers tended to be female, the young, the disabled, single parents and members of ethnic minorities. Their work was part-time, homework or casual labour and they tended to be found in certain areas, and in smaller firms. After much pressure on government, National Minimum Wage legislation was introduced by the Labour government with effect from April 1999. It is currently set at  £5.73 (2009). Employers organisations had predicted a massive increase in unemployment following the introduction of a minimum wage, but this did not occur. Even so, people still resort to desperate measures to obtain satisfactory income. Evidence presented to the Low Pay Commission by the Greater Manchester Low Pay Unit (2000) described one woman who had taken on three low paid jobs at one time in order to make ends meet. Wadsworth (2007) suggests that around 10% of British households rely on minimum wage income. He also points out that many minimum wage earners take a second job to supplement income. Bryan and Taylor (2006) suggest that those who earn National Minimum Wage (NMW) tend to stay in NMW work jobs when they change employment. In addition, low pay workers spend time out of work. More than 80% of NMW workers are female, and many are over the age of 50. Most of these workers had no qualifications. There is also some evidence that employers can evade minimum wage legislation through a variety of semi-legal tactics and pay their workers less than they are entitled to. Migrants are very vulnerable to this kind of abuse. We are clearly a long way from Tony Blairs claim in 1999 we are all middle class. Where class convergence has been greatest it has been at the margins of the classes with a blurred area between the upper working class and lower middle class. The term embourgeoisement is less discussed than it used to be, but Goldthorpe et als conclusion that the working class has fragmented into a new and traditional working class commands general support to this day. Another factor worth remembering when considering the embourgeoisement debate is what is happening at the other end of the working class. At the bottom of society many see an impoverished underclass of those living on the minimum wage or in receipt of long-term welfare. This impoverished group has seen their living standards deteriorate relative to the rest of society. 3 How does social class affect educational attainment? As the ESRC point out, British sociologists all tend to agree that qualifications are the best predictor of whether a child will gain a high earning middle-class job. However they also point out that there are unequal success rates between social classes at school and unequal entry and success rates in post-compulsory education. Government data reveals significant differences between the educational attainments of the differing social classes. In 2008, 35% of the working class pupils obtained five or more good-grade GCSEs, compared with 63 per cent of children from middle class families. While the proportion of poorer children getting degrees has risen by just 3 per cent, the increase among those from wealthier backgrounds is 26 per cent. The reasons for the development of this pattern are complex. It could be to do with home or schools, or it could be related to cultural or material deprivation. Sociologists, Bynner and Joshi (2002) used longitudinal birth cohort data and discovered that the link between class and educational underattainment is clear and years of government policy have had little impact on this inequality. In 1999, West et al found that there was a 66% correlation between free  school meals and low school attainment. Levacic and Hardman in 1999 also pointed out the relationship between free school meals and poor GCSE grades. OKeefe found that there was a measurable relationship between free school meals and higher levels of truancy. Jefferis (2002) found an unarguable link between class and attainment. She studied nearly 11,000 children born from March 3 to 9, 1958. Maths, reading and other ability tests measured the educational attainment of the children at ages seven, 11 and 16. At the age of 33 their highest educational achievement was recorded. Her research team found the gap in educational attainment between children of higher and lower social classes widened as time went on it was greatest by the age of 33. At university level, social class inequalities still have an effect. Wakeling suggested in 2002 that a lower class degree and rich parents are more likely to lead to a student taking up post-graduate studies than the highest level university degrees and a modest background. Boliver (2006) found that only 35% of candidates from semi/unskilled manual class origins applied to a Russell Group university (one of the top 100 universities in the UK), in contrast to 65% of those from professional backgrounds. Machin and Vignoles (2005) conducted research on links between higher education and family background, focusing particularly on the experiences of two cohorts of individuals born in 1958 and 1970. They claim that links between educational achievement and parental income / social class strengthened during this period. The Social Mobility Commission, reporting in 2009, found that social class accounts for much of the gap in attainment between higher and lower achievers. They reported that the gap widens as children get older. In addition, it was claimed that increased spending on education has favoured the middle classes. In other words division between the social classes is widening. 4 What is the relationship between social class, criminality and inequality in the UK? Maguire points out that the prison population tends to consist of young,  male, poorly educated people who are likely to have experienced difficult or deprived childhoods and many of whom come from ethnic minority or mixed ethnic backgrounds. In 1992, 40 % of male prisoners had left school before the age of sixteen. People from lower social class backgrounds are significantly more likely to appear in victim and conviction statistics than people from wealthier backgrounds and it is a matter of argument as to whether they commit more crime, or they are more likely to be convicted if they do commit crimes. In the past, much analysis of criminal behaviour worked on the false assumptions that crime statistics were an accurate representation of crime and that conviction rates gave a fair representation of criminal behaviour. Self report studies show that the majority of the population have broken the law and that middle class crimes can often be very serious indeed. For example, Murphy et al (1990) showed that football hooliganism is not limited to the working classes and Pearson (1987) found that drug offences occur in all social classes. White collar crime and corporate offences receive very little attention from the news media in comparison with youth crime such as knife crime. Levi (1993) pointed out that official statistics do not include tax fraud cases as these are rarely prosecuted by the police or followed up by the criminal justice system. Snider points out that capitalist states are unwilling to pass laws that regulate business or challenge the rights of the rich to make money. Karstedt (2004) estimates that middle class crimes such as car tax avoidance, tax fraud and damaging items once worn in order to return them to shops may cost the UK something in the region of  £14 billion each year. Braithwaite, as early as 1979, concluded that working class children and adults commit the types of crime that are targeted by the police and do so at higher rates than middle class people. There is also research evidence to show that some forms of crime are linked to poverty and deprivation. Gang crime is especially prevalent in areas of deprivation where there are fewer opportunities for work. Brodie et al (2000) and Hope and Shaw (1988) found disadvantaged communities to be vulnerable to youth crime. It is estimated that 40% of crime takes place in about 10% of local authority areas. Stratesky (2004) links this phenomenon to the concentration of power and social exclusion in post industrial communities. Willott and Griffin (1999) found that working class men in prison justified their criminal behaviour by claiming that they were supporting their families. Furthermore, because they were effectively excluded from society, they could not then be expected to follow its rules. It could be argued that these accounts are self- serving because the victims of crime are often the very weakest in the community. Living in a poor and deprived community is also to live at risk of being a victim of crimes such as car theft, vandalism, anti-social behaviour, burglary and violence. Hughes et al (2002) suggest that more than half of victims of crime have already previously been victimised. This acts as evidence that some types of crime are more likely to be associated with working class status than others, particularly crimes against property and the person. 5 Are there class inequalities in the experience of health? The over-arching factor affecting health inequality in the UK is social class. Study after study shows that people born in poor families are low birth weight, are more likely to die as babies, grow up with poor health, are vulnerable to disabling disease and impaired development and they die early. Their children will experience poor life chances so health inequality runs in families. Some of these health inequalities are due to patterns of poor life style so that obesity and smoking related illnesses are also diseases of poverty and deprivation. Children born in poverty and deprivation are also vulnerable to high risk behaviour such as drug abuse, binge drinking and sexual transmission of disease. Furthermore, in 2002, the Office for National Statistics said that inequalities of health and life expectancy between social classes were widening. Spicker points out that figures from the UK show that people in lower social classes, including children, are more likely to suffer from infective and parasitic diseases, pneumonia, poisonings or violence. Adults in lower social classes are more likely to suffer from cancer, heart disease and respiratory disease. He also underlines the point that there are inequalities in access to health care according to social class, so that the  poorest people live in areas with fewer doctors, more difficult access to major hospitals and poorer services. Wheeler et al, working on 2001 Census data also found that areas with the highest levels of poor health tend to have the lowest numbers of doctors and other health professionals (other than nurses). They also discovered that areas with high levels of poor health tend also to have high numbers of their population providing informal care for family and friends. There is lower take-up of preventative medicine such as vaccination and routine screen ing for disabling conditions among working class people. This called the inverse care law. Discounting theories that suggest the working class are genetically weaker, then the unavoidable conclusion is that poverty leads to ill health through poor nutrition, housing and environment. This is exacerbated through cultural differences in the diet and fitness of different social classes, and in certain habits like smoking. Tim Spector (2006), an epidemiologist found that social class has an impact on how the body ages, irrespective of diet and bad habits. In a study of 1,500 women, he discovered that there is a link between class and poor health. He claims that the cause is that people from lower social backgrounds are more likely to feel insecure, especially at work, and suffer low self-esteem and a sense of lacking control over their lives. He claims that the stress this causes creates damage at a cellular level that accelerates ageing. Support for this theory can be found in the fact that studies consistently show that people from lower social classes experience higher levels of mental ill-health, with particularly high rates of depression and anxiety. There is additional health risk from many working class jobs. Males in manual jobs are more than twice as likely to get occupational lung cancer. Bladder cancer is also work-related, associated with work in industrial settings. For nearly all conditions the risk of heart disease, cancer, stain injury and stress is higher for those in working class occupations rather than managerial jobs in the same industry. 6 Class change and sociological theory Social class is undoubtedly changing significantly and this has prompted a  number of debates as to the meanings of these changes and the impact that they have on class. Marxists have a problem because Marx suggested that people would develop a class consciousness and overthrow capitalism. Clearly, this has not happened, in fact people are less aware of class as a social dynamic. There are different explanations for this. 7 8 What is proletarianisation? Proletarianisation is a Marxist concept that sees the middle-class as identifying increasingly with working-class identity. Applied research has focused upon using case studies to examine whether non-manual work is becoming increasingly similar to manual work. Neo-Marxists like Erik Wright or Harry Braverman claim that proletarianisation is progressing at a reasonable pace. In contrast, neo-Weberians like David Lockwood and John Goldthorpe have always vigorously argued against it. One reason for this conflict of views is that different meanings of proletarianisation are adopted in order to measure it. Neo-Marxists such as Wright and Braverman argue that routine white-collar workers are no longer middle class. They consequently see such jobs and even some professions, such as nursing and teaching, as particularly prone to proletarianisation. Braverman argues that deskilling in the workplace affects both manual and non-manual work, causing him to argue that routine white-collar workers have joined the mass of unskilled employees. As such they are part of the working class, they are proletarianised. Braverman argues that deskilling and the loss of the social and economic advantages non-manual jobs enjoyed over manual work, are the key factors behind the growth of proletarianisation. In addition, many workers have lost the control and autonomy they enjoyed 20 years or so in the workplace. A good example is the university lecturers Wright cited as example of semi-autonomous workers in a contradictory class location. Many university lecturers are very poorly paid and on short term contracts. Many earn less than primary school teachers. In addition they are subject to performance  scrutiny and time monitoring. Many professionals in education are now subject to clocking in and out like factory workers. It has been argued by some feminists, such as Rosemary Crompton, that women are more prone to proletarianisation than men, in the sense that they experience poorer promotional opportunities. In examining the work of clerks (Crompton and Jones) they found that only a low level of skill was required and that computerisation seemed to accentuate proletarianisation. However, Marshall et al have challenged the idea of proletarianisation. They found both male and female routine white collar workers reported greater levels of autonomy than those in the working class. They found that it was mainly manual workers who felt their work had been deskilled. In contrast, the perceptions of over 90 per cent of male and female non-manual workers were that neither skill levels nor autonomy had significantly diminished. However, they did find that personal service workers such as receptionists, check-out operators and shop assistants lacked a sense of autonomy in a manner similar to the working class. Since this group is composed primarily of female workers, this supports the idea that women are more prone to proletarianisation. Recent research by Clark and Hoffman-Martinot (1998) has highlighted a growing number of casual or routine workers who spend their working day in front of a VDU and/or on the telephone. †¢ Marxists would see such workers, especially those is call centres as working class despite the white-collar working environment. They would see the low morale and general worker discontent as evidence of class consciousness and a sense of collective work-place identity. †¢ A Weberian analysis would identify class in terms of a group sharing a weak market position in the labour force. Weberians might identify any internal competition between workers and factors such as performance-related pay as designed to fragment the workforce. Any attempts at unionisation, they might argue, could reflect the pursuit of sectional interests (party) rather than evidence of class consciousness. 9 How have contemporary models of class developed? As we have seen a range of neo-Marxist and neo- Weberian models of class have developed in the past 50 years or so adapting and interpreting the ideas of Marx and Weber. There is a consensus that the size and make-up of the working-class is shrinking as we move to a post-industrial society, however, there are markedly different interpretations about the meanings and consequences of this change. †¢ Neo-Weberians such as John Goldthorpe and David Lockwood have focused upon occupational categories within a market power context. †¢ Neo-Marxists argue that the critical issue is whether the working-class are falsely conscious. †¢ A third group, the postmodernists have argued that class is dead; having lost its significance as a source of identity. Consumption, they argue, has become the main definer of people in society. What do postmodernists say about class changes?  Postmodernists would question whether class and class identities are meaningful concepts anymore, arguing it makes more sense to speak of a fragmented society with identity increasingly derived from consumption rather than issues associated with production, such as occupation. According to a Postmodern vision, people are seen to acquire their identities as consumers rather than as producers. Status differences (now based on consumption) were seen no longer as sharp and divisive, but loose and cross-cutting. Peoples consumption became home-centred in the post-war period, rather than communal, and their identities as consumers became constructed from images that came into their homes through the rapidly expanding media. The mass popular culture that resulted seemed more real than experiences outside the home and at the workplace. The French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu researched the relationship between consumption and class. He found that consumption patterns varied not only between classes but within them too. He argued that people thus use consumption to both establish and express their social difference. Bourdieu draws from both the work of Marx and Weber in his analysis that consumption and class are interrelated influences on identity. He argues social  divisions are not shaped by economic capital alone but introduces his important concept of cultural capital that he sees as shaping lifestyle including promoting education success, sports and leisure activities. However, he argues that cultural capital has to have symbolic status and be recognized within the society as having high status.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown - The Fall of Man into Sin :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Free Young Goodman Brown Essays: The Fall of Man into Sin After reading this the first time, my first thought was "did this actually take place or did Brown just dream the whole thing?" Hawthorne purposely makes that fact ambiguous. He poses the same type of question in the end of the story. To me, this is appropriate. The story centers on evil being something hidden in this small town. The preacher goes about his praying, the old woman continues catechizing a little girl, etc. all after Brown has "witnessed" the witch meeting in the forest. By not being clear if this was a dream or not, Hawthorne supports the hidden nature that the people have in the story. He covers up the truth just as the village people hid their sinful life that Brown was witness to. This way, the story and the people in the village remain a mystery to the reader just as the truth remains a mystery to Brown. Secondly, I noticed a lot of the re-reading papers on this story dealt with Faith as a character or Faith as a belief. (As Jennifer said, this story is a battle of faith and good and evil) To me, there is no escaping the fact that Faith is a representation of the "good" forces that oppose evil in the story. In the beginning, when Brown first leaves her behind, she tells him "God bless you" and "may you find all well when you return." Faith is about to be deserted for this meeting with evil in the woods. In Biblical terms, if you leave your faith behind, you may not find things the same when you try and come back to it. Brown also tells his evil partner "Faith kept me back awhile." Brown had to talk himself into meeting this person saying that after this one meeting he will follow faith to Heaven. His timid nature and willingness to go to Heaven (faith) delayed him just as much as his wife. After Brown has this meeting, Faith deserted falls into the hands of evil. He welcomes the devi l when he finds his faith missing (sound familiar?) He finds a timid bit of hope when he asks where Faith is during the rituals he witnesses. At the last minute, Brown yells out to Faith to regard Heaven and resist temptation and at that moment the witch meeting dissolves.